NEWS RELEASE 19-MAY-2022
Fungus induces abnormal growth of cocoa trees and then feeds on dead tissue
Researchers have discovered that infection occurs in two stages. The fungus first releases cytokinin and makes the tree produce lignin, its favorite food. In the second, the fungus consumes the lignin.Peer-Reviewed Publication
FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
The action mechanism of the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes witch’s broom disease in cocoa trees, with major losses for Brazilian producers, is being increasingly elucidated. In an article published in the Journal of Experimental Botany, researchers at the University of São Paulo’s Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA-USP) in Brazil report that the pathogen makes trees grow excessively, draining their energy, and that when they die, it colonizes dead cells and feeds on the accumulated lignin.
Previous research by the same group showed that the fungus synthesizes cytokinin, which alters the plant’s hormone balance and leads to excessive growth of infected tissue, competing with fruit production and root growth, and exhausting the plant via a mechanism similar to cancer (more at: agencia.fapesp.br/36824).
Now the group has discovered that infection occurs in two stages. The fungus first releases cytokinin and makes the tree produce lignin, its favorite food. In the second, the fungus consumes the lignin.
“There are two kinds of plant pathogen: biotrophic, feeding on living tissue, and necrotrophic, feeding on dead tissue. There’s also a hybrid class called hemibiotrophic, which initially infects living cells and then parasitizes dead cells at a later stage. M. perniciosa belongs to this hybrid class,” said agricultural engineer Antônio Figueira, a professor at CENA-USP and principal investigator for the research project.
According to Figueira, the fungus’s biotrophic phase is much longer than normal, lasting 30-45 days. During this phase, spores germinate and give rise to a specific, thicker and more irregular mycelium, which grows between the host cells without entering them.
“There’s little tissue colonization, so it’s hard to observe fungal hyphae in infected plants under a microscope,” he said. “On the other hand, the host’s tissue displays spectacular symptoms of disease, with overbudding and thickened branches. In other words, the fungus causes significant symptoms even though its density in tissue is low.”
The latest study by the researchers demonstrated that this hypergrowth drains the host plant’s energy, reducing the number and weight of its fruit as well as its root biomass. All this happens without an increase in fungal mycelium production.
“Tissue death occurs in the next phase of the disease when mycelium enters the cells and grows significantly. This mycelium is morphologically distinct, thin and linear, and colonizes all the dead tissue. After a time, mushroom production begins,” Figueira said.
Researchers had long wondered why the fungus appears not to benefit from colonizing the plant and causing so many symptoms. The new study provides answers.
“We discovered that during the initial phase, the plant hormone cytokinin released by the fungus makes the infected plant produce a great deal of vascular tissue so that secondary cell walls accumulate lignin, on which the fungus feeds after the plant’s tissue is dead,” he explained.
The species closest to M. perniciosa are all saprotrophic, meaning they feed on dead tissue and other organic detritus. The fungus that causes witch’s broom has apparently evolved to be capable of infecting living tissue, modifying its metabolism to promote the synthesis of lignin, its favorite food, and establishing a foothold in the plant before tissue death occurs. “This gives M. perniciosa a clear advantage over competing fungi,” Figueira said.
Cocoa crisis
Witch’s broom disease was first described in 1919, but it was apparently confined to Amazonia in the North region of Brazil until the late 1980s when it spread to southern Bahia in the Northeast region. Brazil was then the second-largest cocoa grower, producing more than 400,000 metric tons per year. As a result of the disease, annual harvests had fallen to some 100,000 tons by 2000.
The industry is slowly recovering, but Bahia is no longer Brazil’s foremost cocoa-growing state, having fallen behind Pará. In 2020 the national crop was still only 250,000 tons, ranking seventh in the world. The latest scientific research is highly promising for the development of novel crop management techniques.
The study was supported by FAPESP via seven projects (16/10498-4, 13/04309-6, 16/10524-5, 17/17000-4, 15/00060-9, 18/18711-4, and 19/12188-0).
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About São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)
The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) is a public institution with the mission of supporting scientific research in all fields of knowledge by awarding scholarships, fellowships and grants to investigators linked with higher education and research institutions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. FAPESP is aware that the very best research can only be done by working with the best researchers internationally. Therefore, it has established partnerships with funding agencies, higher education, private companies, and research organizations in other countries known for the quality of their research and has been encouraging scientists funded by its grants to further develop their international collaboration. You can learn more about FAPESP at www.fapesp.br/en and visit FAPESP news agency at www.agencia.fapesp.br/en to keep updated with the latest scientific breakthroughs FAPESP helps achieve through its many programs, awards and research centers. You may also subscribe to FAPESP news agency at http://agencia.fapesp.br/subscribe.
JOURNAL
Journal of Experimental Botany
DOI
ARTICLE TITLE
Infection by Moniliophthora perniciosa reprograms tomato Micro-Tom physiology, establishes a sink, and increases secondary cell wall synthesis
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
21-Feb-2022
In this issue:
The NZPPS Executive are delighted to advise that theNZPPS 75th Anniversary Symposium and Conferenceare proceeding as in-person events at the
NZPPS 75th Anniversary
NZPPS Plant Protection MedalThis medal has been instituted by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plant protection in the widest sense. The medal will be awarded based on outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research, education, implementation or leadership.Details of the nomination process are available 
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Canterbury University is running a webinar entitled: Mahi Tahi: work together to build biosecurity capability on 13 April 2022. Find out more at: 
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